Scientific Support

References

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Sunlight & White Light Research

P. Michael Iuvone, C. L. Galli, C. K. Garrison-Gund, N. H. Neff, Light Stimulates Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity and Dopamine Synthesis in Retinal Amacrine Neurons, Science, New Series, Vol. 202, No. 4370 (1978), pp. 901-902, http://doi.org/10.1126/science.30997

George C. Brainard, William W. Morgan, Light-induced stimulation of retinal dopamine: a dose-response relationship, Brain Research, 424 (1987) 199-203, https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(87)91211-X

Stone RA, Lin T, Laties AM, Iuvone PM. Retinal dopamine and form-deprivation myopia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (1989) 86:704–6. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.2.704

Iuvone PM, Tigges M, Stone RA, Lambert S, Laties AM. Effects of apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, on ocular refraction and axial elongation in a primate model of myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. (1991) 32:1674–7. https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2178946

Phipps-Nelson J; Redman JR; Dijk DJ; Rajaratnam SMW. Daytime exposure to bright light, as compared to dim light, decreases sleepiness and improves psychomotor vigilance performance. SLEEP 2003; 26(6):695-700. http://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/26.6.695

Witkovsky, Paul, Dopamine and retinal function, Documenta Ophthalmologica; 2004; 108, 1; ProQuest Central pg. 17-30, http://doi.org/10.1023/b:doop.0000019487.88486.0a

Abigail George, Katrina L. Schmid, David V. Pow, Retinal serotonin, eye growth and myopia development in chick, Experimental Eye Research 81 (2005) 616–625, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2005.03.021

Christian Cajochen, Alerting effects of light, Sleep Medicine Reviews (2007) 11, 453–464, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.009

Gregory L. Willis, E. John D. Turner, PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FEATURES OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE IMPROVE WITH STRATEGIC EXPOSURE TO BRIGHT LIGHT: A CASE SERIES STUDY,Chronobiology International, 24(3): 521–537, (2007), https://doi.org/10.1080/07420520701420717

Sebastian Paus, Tanja Schmitz-Hubsch, Ullrich Wullner, Antje Vogel, Thomas Klockgether, Michael Abele, Bright Light Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study, Movement Disorders, Vol. 22, No. 10, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21542

Regan S. Ashby and Frank Schaeffel, The Effect of Bright Light on Lens Compensation in Chicks, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010; 51:5247–5253) https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.09-4689

Yuval Cohen, Edna Peleg, Michael Belkin, Uri Polat, Arieh S. Solomon, Ambient illuminance, retinal dopamine release and refractive development in Chicks, Experimental Eye Research 103 (2012) 33-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2012.08.004

Chad R. Jackson, Guo-Xiang Ruan, Fazila Aseem, Jane Abey, Karen Gamble, Greg Stanwood, Richard D. Palmiter, P. Michael Iuvone, Douglas G. McMahon, Retinal Dopamine Mediates Multiple Dimensions of Light-Adapted Vision, The Journal of Neuroscience, 2012, 32(27):9359–9368, https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0711-12.2012

Gregory L. Willis, Cleo Moore, Stuart M. Armstrong, A historical justification for and retrospective analysis of the systematic application of light therapy in Parkinson’s disease, Rev. Neurosci., Vol. 23(2): 199–226, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2011-0072

Elizabeth I. Cawley; Sarah Park; Marije aan het Rot; Kimberley Sancton; Chawki Benkelfat; Simon N. Young; Diane B. Boivin; Marco Leyton, Dopamine and light: dissecting effects on mood and motivational states in women with subsyndromal seasonal affective disorder, J Psychiatry Neurosci 2013; 38(6)388-97,https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.120181

Woods J, Guthrie SE, Keir N, et al. Inhibition of defocus-induced myopia in chickens. Invest Ophthalmol. Vis Sci. 2013; 54:2662–2668. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.12-10742

Stefania Romeo, Cristina Viaggi, Daniela Di Camillo, Allison W. Willis, Luca Lozzi, Cristina Rocchi, Marta Capannolo, Gabriella Aloisi, Francesca Vaglini, Rita Maccarone, Matteo Caleo, Cristina Missale, Brad A. Racette, Giovanni U. Corsini, Roberto Maggio, Bright light exposure reduces TH-positive dopamine neurons: implications of light pollution in Parkinson’s disease epidemiology, SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 2013, 3:1395, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01395

Chaoran Ren, Liju Luan, Benson Wui-Man Lau, Xin Huang, Jian Yang, Yuan Zhou, Xihong Wu, Jie Gao, Gary E Pickard, Kwok-Fai So, Mingliang Pu, Direct Retino-Raphe Projection Alters Serotonergic Tone and Affective Behavior, Neuropsychopharmacology (2013) 38, 1163–1175; https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.35

Rahman SA; Flynn-Evans EE; Aeschbach D; Brainard GC; Czeisler CA; Lockley SW. Diurnal spectral sensitivity of the acute alerting effects of light. SLEEP 2014; 37(2):271-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3396

Mark A. Oldham, Domenic A. Ciraulo, Bright light therapy for depression: A review of its effects on chronobiology and the autonomic nervous system, Chronobiol Int. 2014; 31(3): 305–319. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2013.833935

M. Münch, L. Léon, S. Collomb, A. Kawasaki, Comparison of acute non-visual bright light responses in patients with optic nerve disease, glaucoma and healthy controls, Scientific Reports, 2015, 5:15185, http://doi.org/10.1038/srep15185

Virginie Gabel, Micheline Maire, Carolin F. Reichert, Sarah L. Chellappa,, Christina Schmidta, Vanja Hommesc, Christian Cajochena, Antoine U. Viola , Dawn simulation light impacts on different cognitive domains under sleep restriction to counteract effects of acute sleep deprivation, Behavioural Brain Research 281 (2015) 258–266, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.043

M. Münch, L. Léon, S. Collomb, A. Kawasaki, Comparison of acute non-visual bright light responses in patients with optic nerve disease, glaucoma and healthy controls, Scientific Reports, 2015, 5:15185, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15185

Antoine U Viola, Virginie Gabel, Sarah L Chellappa, Christina Schmidt ², Vanja Hommes, Eleonora Tobaldini, Nicola Montano, Christian Cajochen, Dawn simulation light: a potential cardiac events protector, Sleep Medicine, Volume 16, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 457-461, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.016

S. J. Harrison, A. E. Tyrer, R. D. Levitan, X. Xu, S. Houle, A. A. Wilson, J. N. Nobrega, P. M. Rusjan, J. H. Meyer, Light therapy and serotonin transporter binding in the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex, Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015; 132(5): 379–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12424

Sheng-Nan Qiao, Zhijing Zhang, Christophe P. Ribelayga, Yong-Mei Zhong, Dao-Qi Zhang, Multiple cone pathways are involved in photic regulation of retinal dopamine, Scientific Reports, 2016, 6:28916, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28916

Tyrer AE, Levitan RD, Houle S, Wilson AA, Nobrega JN, Rusjan PM, Meyer JH., Serotonin transporter binding is reduced in seasonal affective disorder following light therapy, Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016: 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12632

Xiangtian Zhou, Machelle T. Pardue, P. Michael Iuvone, Jia Qu, Dopamine Signaling and Myopia Development: What Are the Key Challenges, Prog Retin Eye Res. 2017, 61: 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.003

Mariana G. Figueiro, Bryan Steverson, Judith Heerwagen, Kevin Kampschroer, Claudia M. Hunter, Kassandra Gonzales, Barbara Plitnick, Mark S. Rea, The impact of daytime light exposures on sleep and mood in office workers, Sleep Health 3 (2017) 204–215, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.03.005

Junfeng Mao, Shuangzhen Liu, Different roles of retinal dopamine in albino Guinea pig myopia, Neuroscience Letters 639 (2017) 94–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.061

Chellappa SL, Lasauskaite R and Cajochen C. In a Heartbeat: Light and Cardiovascular Physiology. Front. Neurol. (2017) 8:541. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00541

Wang M, Schaeffel F, Jiang B, Feldkaemper M. Effects of light of different spectral composition on refractive development and retinal dopamine in chicks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018; 59:4413–4424. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.18-23880

Teona Munteanu, Katelyn J Noronha, Amanda C Leung, Simon Pan, Jasmine A Lucas, Tiffany M Schmidt, Light-dependent pathways for dopaminergic amacrine cell development and function, eLife 2018; 7:e39866. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.39866.001

Jessica K. Martino, Christopher B. Freelance, Gregory L. Willis, The effect of light exposure on insomnia and nocturnal movement in Parkinson’s disease: an open label, retrospective, longitudinal study, Sleep Medicine 44 (2018) 24-31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2018.01.00

Ranjay Chakraborty, Lisa A. Ostrin, Debora L. Nickla, P. Michael Iuvone, Machelle T. Pardue, Richard A. Stone, Circadian rhythms, refractive development, and myopia, Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2018; 38(3): 217–245. https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12453.

Víctor Pérez-Fernández, LIGHT INPUTS TO DOPAMINERGIC AMACRINE CELLS OF THE MAMMALIAN RETINA, PhD thesis, 2018, Western Sydney University, Australia

Jan L. Soumana, Angelica M. Tingab,, Susan F. te Pasc, Raymond van Eeb, Björn N.S. Vlaskamp, Acute alerting effects of light: A systematic literature review, Behavioural Brain Research 337 (2018) 228–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.016

Reza Kazemi, Alireza Choobineh, Shirin Taheri, Pegah Rastipishe, COMPARING TASK PERFORMANCE, VISUAL COMFORT AND ALERTNESS UNDER DIFFERENT LIGHTING SOURCES: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY, EXCLI Journal 2018; 17:1018-1029 – ISSN 1611-2156, http://dx.doi.org/10.17179/excli2018-1676

Diego Carlos Fernandez, P. Michelle Fogerson, Lorenzo Lazzerini Ospri, Michael B. Thomsen, Robert M. Layne, Daniel Severin, Jesse Zhan, Joshua H. Singer, Alfredo Kirkwood, Haiqing Zhao,1 David M. Berson, Samer Hattar, Light Affects Mood and Learning through Distinct Retina-Brain Pathways, Cell 2018, 175, 71–84, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.004

Landis EG, Yang V, Brown DM, Pardue MT, Read SA. Dim light exposure and myopia in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018; 59:4804–4811. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.18-24415

Christine Blume, Corrado Garbazza, Manuel Spitschan, Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood, Somnologie 2019 · 23:147–156, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11818-019-00215-x

Suva Roy, Greg D. Field, Dopaminergic modulation of retinal processing from starlight to sunlight, Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 140 (2019) 86-93, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphs.2019.03.006

Henri Comtet, Pierre A. Geoffroy, Mio Kobayashi Frisk, Jeffrey Hubbard, Ludivine Robin-Choteau, Laurent Calvel, Laurence Hugueny, Antoine U. Viola, Patrice Bourgin, Light therapy with boxes or glasses, Scientific Reports, (2019) 9:18073, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54311-x

Christian Cajochen, Carolin Reichert, Micheline Maire, Luc J. M. Schlangen, Christina Schmidt, Antoine U. Viola, Virginie Gabel, Evidence That Homeostatic Sleep Regulation Depends on Ambient Lighting Conditions during Wakefulness, Clocks & Sleep 2019, 1, 517–531; https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep1040040

Luke L A Price, Ljiljana Udovicic, Thomas Behrens, Alwin van Drongelen, Anne Helene Garde, Koen Hogenelst, Marie Aarrebo Jensen, Marina Khazova, Kamila Nowak, Sylvia Rabstein, Erik Romanus, AgnieszkaWolska, Linking the non-visual effects of light exposure with occupational health, International Journal of Epidemiology, 2019, 1393–1397. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz131

Vıctor Perez-Fernandez, Nina Milosavljevic, Annette E. Allen, Kirstan A. Vessey, Andrew I. Jobling, Erica L. Fletcher,Paul P. Breen, John W. Morley, and Morven A. Cameron, Rod Photoreceptor Activation Alone Defines the Release of Dopamine in the Retina, Current Biology 29, 763–774, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.042

Prayag AS, Jost S, Avouac P, Dumortier D and Gronfier C., Dynamics of Non-visual Responses in Humans: As Fast as Lightning? Front. Neurosci. 2019, 13:126. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00126

Jeffrey M. Hoy, David J. Perkel, Christine V. Portfors, Dopamine Acts via D2-Like Receptors to Modulate Auditory Responses in the Inferior Colliculus, ENEURO, 2019, 6(5) 0350-19, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0350-19.2019

Ciao-Lin Ho, Wei-FongWu, Yiing Mei Liou, Dose–Response Relationship of Outdoor Exposure and Myopia Indicators: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Various Research Methods, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2595; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142595

Justine Masson, Serotonin in retina, Biochimie 161 (2019) 51e55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2018.11.006

D.L. Nickla, S. Sarfare, B. McGeehan, W. Wei, J. Elin-Calcador, L. He, S. Dhakal, J. Dixonc, M.G. Maguire, R.A. Stone, P.M. Iuvone, Visual Conditions Affecting Eye Growth Alter Diurnal Levels of Vitreous DOPAC, Exp Eye Res. 2020, 200: 108226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2020.108226

Jun Zhang and Guohua Deng, Protective effects of increased outdoor time against myopia: a review, Journal of International Medical Research 48(3) 1–9, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060519893866

Shanta Sarfare, Jane Yang, Debora L. Nickla, The effects of brief high intensity light on ocular growth in chicks developing myopia vary with time of day, Experimental Eye Research 195 (2020) 108039, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2020.108039

C. A. Chaveznava-Treviño,, S. Lee, T. Katsuura, Y. Shimomura, Physiological Effects of Pulsed LED Light Added to a Task Lamp to Improve Alertness on Employees of Hospital or Shift Workers, REVISTA MEXICANA DE INGENIERÍA BIOMÉDICA, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2020, pp 29-42, https://doi.org/10.17488/RMIB.41.1.2

Martin Moore-Ede , Anneke Heitmann, Rainer Guttkuhn, Circadian Potency Spectrum with Extended Exposure to Polychromatic White LED Light under Workplace Conditions, JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS, Vol. 35 No. 4, 2020, 405–415, https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730420923164

Landis EG, Park HN, Chrenek M, et al. Ambient light regulates retinal dopamine signaling and myopia susceptibility. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021; 62(1):28. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.62.1.28

Joanne Bullock-Saxton, Alexander Lehn, E-Liisa Laakso, Exploring the Effect of Combined Transcranial and Intra-Oral Photobiomodulation Therapy Over a Four-Week Period on Physical and Cognitive Outcome Measures for People with Parkinson’s Disease: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study, Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Vol 83, No. 4 (2021), 1499-1512. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-210170

Chien-Tai Hong, Chaur-Jong Hu, Hung-Yu Lin, Dean Wu, Effects of concomitant use of hydrogen water and photobiomodulation on Parkinson disease, A pilot study, Medicine 2021; 100:4(e24191). http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000024191

Goel M., Mangel SC, Dopamine-Mediated Circadian and Light/Dark-Adaptive Modulation of Chemical and Electrical Synapses in the Outer Retina, Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2021, 15:647541, https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2021.647541

Ann Liebert, Brian Bicknell, E-Liisa Laakso, Gillian Heller, Parastoo Jalilitabaei, Sharon Tilley, John Mitrofanis, Hosen Kiat, Improvements in clinical signs of Parkinson’s disease using photobiomodulation: a prospective proof-of-concept study, BMC Neurology (2021) 21:256, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-021-02248-y

Zhihui She, Li-Fang Hung, Baskar Arumugam, Krista M. Beach, Earl L. Smith III, The development of and recovery from form-deprivation myopia in infant rhesus monkeys reared under reduced ambient lighting, Vision Research 183 (2021) 106–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2021.02.004

JU jiaqia, SUN hong, XU ke, XU ting, JIN yanb, Evaluation on non-visual effects of lighting based on both physiological parameters and subjective ratings, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1754 (2021) 012221, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1754/1/012221

Baeza Moyano, D.; González-Lezcano, R.A. Pandemic of Childhood Myopia. Could New Indoor LED Lighting Be Part of the Solution? Energies 2021, 14, 3827. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14133827

Jinhua Bao, Adeline Yang, Yingying Huang, Xue Li, Yiguo Pan, Chenglu Ding, Ee Woon Lim, Jingwei Zheng, Daniel P Spiegel, Björn Drobe, Fan Lu, Hao Chen, One-year myopia control efficacy of spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets, Br J Ophthalmol. 2021; 0:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-318367

Martin Moore-Ede, Anneke Heitmann, Circadian Potency Spectrum in Light-Adapted Humans, J Cell Sci Therapy, 2022, Vol. 13 Iss. 5 No: 1000361, https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7013.22.13.361

Xiangui He, Padmaja Sankaridurg, Jingjing Wang, Jun Chen, Thomas Naduvilath, Mingguang He, Zhuoting Zhu, Wayne Li, Ian G. Morgan, Shuyu Xiong, Jianfeng Zhu, Haidong Zou, Kathryn A. Rose, Bo Zhang, Rebecca Weng, Serge Resnikoff, Xun Xu, Time Outdoors in Reducing Myopia A School-Based Cluster Randomized Trial with Objective Monitoring of Outdoor Time and Light Intensity, Ophthalmology 2022;129:1245-1254, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.06.024

Pengbo Zhang, Huang Zhu, Light Signaling and Myopia Development: A Review, Ophthalmol Ther (2022) 11:939–957, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-022-00490-2

Maruani, J.; Geoffroy, P.A. Multi-Level Processes and Retina–Brain Pathways of Photic Regulation of Mood. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11020448

Shai Sabbah, Michael S. Worden, Dimitrios D. Laniado, David M. Berson, Jerome N. Sanes, Luxotonic signals in human prefrontal cortex as a possible substrate for effects of light on mood and cognition, PNAS 2022 Vol. 119 No. 28 e2118192119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118192119

Yingying Huang, Xue Li, Junqian Wu, Jiawen Huo, Fengchao Zhou, Jiali Zhang, Adeline Yang, Daniel P Spiegel, Hao Chen, Jinhua Bao, Effect of spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets on choroidal thickness in myopic children: a 2-year randomized clinical trial, Br J Ophthalmol 2022; 0:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2022-321815

Junhong Chen, Ran Zhuo, Jiayan Chen, Adeline Yang, Ee Woon Lim, Jinhua Bao, Björn Drobe, Daniel P. Spiegel, Hao Chen, Lijie Hou, Spectacle lenses with slightly aspherical lenslets for myopia control: clinical trial design and baseline data, BMC Ophthalmology (2022) 22:345, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-022-02562-0

Yingying Huang, Xue Li, Chu Wang, Fengchao Zhou, Adeline Yang, Hao Chen, Jinhua Bao, Visual acuity, near phoria and accommodation in myopic children using spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets: results from a randomized clinical trial, Eye and Vision (2022) 9:33 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40662-022-00304-3

Kaymak H, Neller K, Schütz S, et al. Vision tests on spectacle lenses and contact lenses for optical myopia correction: a pilot study. BMJ Open Ophthalmology 2022; 7:e000971. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2022-000971

Jain V, Liang PJM, Raja S, Mikhael M, Cameron MA, Light activation of the dopaminergic system occurs after eye-opening in the mouse retina, Front. Ophthalmol. 2023, 3:1184627. https://doi.org/10.3389/fopht.2023.1184627

Haruki Morioka , Haruki Ozawa, Takeo Kato, Physiological Study of Visual and Non-Visual Effects of Light Exposure, Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 5785. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095785

Lei Zhou, Liyang Tong, Ying Li, Bruce T. Williams, Kaikai Qiu, Photobiomodulation therapy retarded axial length growth in children with myopia: evidence from a 12‑month randomized controlled trial evidence, Scientific Reports, (2023) 13:3321, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30500-7

Joe Rappon, Carol Chung, Graeme Young, Christopher Hunt, Jay Neitz, Maureen Neitz, Thomas Chalberg, Control of myopia using diffusion optics spectacle lenses: 12-month results of a randomised controlled, efficacy and safety study (CYPRESS), Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:1709–1715. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-321005

Augusto Arias, Arne Ohlendorf, Pablo Artal, Siegfried Wahl, In-depth optical characterization of spectacle lenses for myopia progression management, Optica, 2023, Vol. 10, No. 5. https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.486389

XUE LI , YINGYING HUANG , ZIANG YIN, CHENYAO LIU, SIQI ZHANG, ADELINE YANG, BJÖRN DROBE, HAO CHEN, AND JINHUA BAO, Myopia Control Efficacy of Spectacle Lenses With Aspherical Lenslets: Results of a 3-Year Follow-Up Study, Am. J. of Ophthalmology, Vol. 253, P160-168, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2023.03.030

Carly Siu Yin Lam, Wing Chun Tang, Han Yu Zhang, Paul H. Lee, Dennis Yan Yin Tse, Hua Qi, Natalia Vlasak, Chi Ho To, Long‑term myopia control effect and safety in children wearing DIMS spectacle lenses for 6 years, Scientific Reports, 2023, 13:5475, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32700-7

Blue Light Research

Gilles Vandewalle, Christina Schmidt, Genevie`ve Albouy , Virginie Sterpenich, Annabelle Darsaud , Geraldine Rauchs , Pierre-Yves Berken , Evelyne Balteau , Christian Degueldre , Andre Luxen , Pierre Maquet, Derk-Jan Dijk, Brain Responses to Violet, Blue, and Green Monochromatic Light Exposures in Humans: Prominent Role of Blue Light and the Brainstem, PLoS ONE, Issue 11, e1247, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001247

Viola AU, James LM, Schlangen LJM, Dijk D-J, Blue-enriched white light in the workplace improves self-reported alertness, performance and sleep quality, Scand J Work Environ Health 2008; 34(4):297-306, https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1268

Jo Phipps-Nelson, Jennifer R. Redman, Luc J. M. Schlangen, Shantha M. W. Rajaratnam, BLUE LIGHT EXPOSURE REDUCES OBJECTIVEMEASURES OF SLEEPINESS DURING PROLONGED NIGHTTIME PERFORMANCE TESTING, Chronobiology International, 26(5): 891–912, (2009), https://doi.org/10.1080/07420520903044364

Mariana G Figueiro, Andrew Bierman, Barbara Plitnick, Mark S Rea, Preliminary evidence that both blue and red light can induce alertness at night, BMC Neuroscience 2009, 10:105 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-10-105

Mariana G. Figueiro andMark S. Rea, The Effects of Red and Blue Lights on Circadian Variations in Cortisol, Alpha Amylase, and Melatonin, Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Endocrinology, 2010, Article ID 829351, https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/829351

Chellappa SL, Steiner R, Blattner P, Oelhafen P, Go¨ tz T, et al. Non-Visual Effects of Light on Melatonin, Alertness and Cognitive Performance: Can Blue-Enriched Light Keep Us Alert? PLoS ONE, 2011, 6(1): e16429. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016429

IM Iskra-Golec, A Wazna, L Smith, Effects of blue-enriched light on the daily course of mood, sleepiness and light perception: A field experiment, Lighting Res. Technol. 2012; 44: 506–513, https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153512447528

Levent Sahin, Mariana G. Figueiro, Alerting effects of short-wavelength (blue) and long-wavelength (red) lights in the afternoon, Physiology & Behavior, Vol. 116–117, 2013, Pages 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.03.014

Virginie Gabel, Micheline Maire, Carolin F. Reichert, Sarah L. Chellappa, Christina Schmidt, Vanja Hommes, Antoine U. Viola, Christian Cajochen, Effects of Artificial Dawn and Morning Blue Light on Daytime Cognitive Performance, Well-being, Cortisol and Melatonin Levels, Chronobiology International,1–10, (2013), https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2013.793196

Alexandre Sasseville, Jeanne Sophie Martin, Jérôme Houle, Marc Hébert. Investigating the contribution of short wavelengths in the alerting effect of bright light, Physiology & Behavior 151 (2015) 81–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.028

Alkozei A, Smith R, Pisner DA, Vanuk JR, Berryhill SM, Fridman A, Shane BR, Knight SA, Killgore WD. Exposure to blue light increases subsequent functional activation of the prefrontal cortex during performance of a working memory task. SLEEP 2016; 39(9):1671–1680, http://dx.doi.org/10.5665/sleep.6090

Ozgur Bulent Timucin, Muhammed Arabaci, Ferhat Cuce, Boran Karatas, Sukru Onalan, Muhterem Yasar, Serkan Yildirim, M. Fatih Karadag, The effects of light sources with different spectral structures on ocular axial length in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Experimental Eye Research 151 (2016) 212e221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2016.08.018

Virginie Gabel, Carolin F. Reichert, Micheline Maire, Christina Schmidt, Luc J. M. Schlangen, Vitaliy Kolodyazhniy, Corrado Garbazza, Christian Cajochen, Antoine U. Viola, Differential impact in young and older individuals of blue-enriched white light on circadian physiology and alertness during sustained wakefulness, SCienTifiC Reports, 2017, 7: 7620, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07060-8

Irena Iskra-Golec, Krystyna Golonka, Miroslaw Wyczesany, Lawrence Smith, Patrycja Siemiginowska, Joanna Wątroba, Daytime Effect of Monochromatic Blue Light on EEG Activity Depends on Duration and Timing of Exposure in Young Men, Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 2017, volume 13(3), 241-247, https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0224-0

TA Bedrosian, RJ Nelson, Timing of light exposure affects mood and brain circuits, Transl Psychiatry(2017) 7, e1017; https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.262

J. Regente, J. de Zeeuw, F. Bes, C. Nowozin, S. Appelhoff, A.Wahnschaffe,M. Münch, D. Kunz Can short-wavelength depleted bright light during single simulated night shifts prevent circadian phase shifts?,Applied Ergonomics 61 (2017) 22-30, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2016.12.014

Majid Motamedzadeha, Rostam Golmohammadib, Reza Kazemic, Rashid Heidarimoghadam, The effect of blue-enriched white light on cognitive performances and sleepiness of night-shift workers: A field study, Physiology & Behavior 177 (2017) 208–214, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.05.008

Reza Kazemi, Rasoul Hemmatjo, Hamidreza Mokarami, The effect of a blue enriched white light on salivary antioxidant capacity and melatonin among night shift workers: a field study, Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2018) 30:61, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0275-3

Katarzyna Smilowska , Daniel J. van Wamelen, Antonius M. C. Schoutens, Marjan J. Meinders, Bastiaan R. Bloem, Blue Light Therapy Glasses in Parkinson’s Disease: Patients’ Experience, Hindawi, Parkinson’s Disease, Volume 2019, Article ID 1906271, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1906271

Siegfried Wahl, Moritz Engelhardt, Patrick Schaupp, Christian Lappe, Iliya V. Ivanov, The inner clock—Blue light sets the human rhythm, J. Biophotonics. 2019; 12:e201900102, https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201900102

Kyungah Choi, Cheong Shin, Taesu Kim, Hyun Jung Chung, Hyeon-Jeong Suk, Awakening effects of blue-enriched morning light exposure on university students’ physiological and subjective responses, ScIeNTIfIc Reports, (2019) 9:345, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36791-5

Hu H, Kang C, Hou X, Zhang Q, Meng Q, Jiang J and Hao W., Blue Light Deprivation Produces Depression-Like Responses in Mongolian Gerbils, Front. Psychiatry, 2020, 11:233. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00233

Tim Schilling, Mojtaba Soltanlou, Yeshwanth Seshadri, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, Hamed Bahmani, Blue Light and Melanopsin Contribution to the Pupil Constriction in the Blind-spot, Parafovea and Periphery, In Proceedings of the 13th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies (BIOSTEC 2020) – Volume 5: HEALTHINF, pg 482-489, ISBN: 978-989-758-398-8; ISSN: 2184-4305, https://doi.org/10.5220/0008972404820489

E. Landis, M. Chrenek, R. Chakraborty, R. Strickland, M. Bergen, V. Yang, P.M. Iuvone, M.T. Pardue, Increased endogenous dopamine prevents myopia in mice, Exp Eye Res. 2020 April ; 193: 107956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2020.107956

William D.S. Killgore, Natalie S. Dailey, Adam C. Raikes, John R. Vanuk, Emily Taylor, Anna Alkozei, Blue light exposure enhances neural efficiency of the task positive network during a cognitive interference task, Neuroscience Letters, Volume 735, 2020, 135242 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135242

William D.S.Killgore, John R. Vanuk, Bradley R. Shane, Mareen Weber, Sahil Bajaj, A Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of blue wavelength light exposure on sleep and recovery of brain structure, function, and cognition following mild traumatic brain injury, Neurobiology of Disease, Volume 134, 2020, 104679, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104679

Tracey L Sletten, Bhairavi Raman, Michelle Magee, Sally A Ferguson, David J Kennaway, Ronald R Grunstein, Steven W Lockley & Shantha M W Rajaratnam, A Blue- Enriched, Increased Intensity Light Intervention to Improve Alertness and Performance in Rotating Night Shift Workers in an Operational Setting, Nature and Science of Sleep, 2021, 647-657, DOI: 10.2147/NSS.S287097 https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S287097

Sahil Bajaj, Adam C Raikes, Adeel Razi, Michael A Miller, William DS Killgore, Blue-Light Therapy Strengthens Resting-State Effective Connectivity within Default-Mode Network after Mild TBI, Journal of Central Nervous System Disease, Volume 13: 1–16, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/11795735211015076

Raikes AC, Dailey NS, Forbeck B, Alkozei A and Killgore WDS, Daily Morning Blue Light Therapy for Post-mTBI Sleep Disruption: Effects on Brain Structure and Function. Front. Neurol. 2021, 12:625431. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.625431

Lee YS, Choi SE, Hahm J, Kim MJ, Bae HS, Yi K, Lim HT and Hyon JY (2021) Digital Therapeutics: Exploring the Possibilities of Digital Intervention for Myopia. Front. Digit. Health, 2021, 3:710644. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2021.710644

Alkozei A, Dailey NS, Bajaj S, Vanuk JR, Raikes AC, Killgore WDS, Exposure to Blue Wavelength Light Is Associated With Increases in Bidirectional Amygdala-DLPFC Connectivity at Rest. Front. Neurol. 2021, 12:625443. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.625443

Thakur S, Dhakal R, Verkicharla PK. Short-term exposure to blue light shows an inhibitory effect on axial elongation in human eyes independent of defocus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021; 62(15):22. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.62.15.22

Lin Z, Hou G, Yao Y, Zhou Z, Zhu F, Liu L, Zeng L, Yang Y., Ma J., 40-Hz Blue Light Changes Hippocampal Activation and Functional Connectivity Underlying Recognition Memory Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2021 15:739333. http://doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.739333

Alm P. A, The Dopamine System and Automatization of Movement Sequences: A Review With Relevance for Speech and Stuttering, Front. Hum. Neurosci., 2021, 15:661880. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.661880

Chellappa SL, Steiner R, Blattner P, Oelhafen P, Gotz T, et al., Non-Visual Effects of Light on Melatonin, Alertness and Cognitive Performance: Can Blue-Enriched Light Keep Us Alert? PLoS ONE, 2021, 6(1): e16429. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016429

Tian T, Zou L, Wang S, Liu R, Liu H. The role of dopamine in emmetropization modulated by wavelength and temporal frequency in guinea pigs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021; 62(12):20. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.62.12.20

William D.S. Killgore, Anna Alkozei, John R. Vanuk, Deva Reign, Michael A. Grandner and Natalie S. Dailey, Blue light exposure increases functional connectivity between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and multiple cortical regions, NeuroReport 2022, 33:236–241, https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000001774

Killgore WDS, Vanuk JR and Dailey NS, Treatment with morning blue light increases left amygdala volume and sleep duration among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2022, 16:910239. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.910239

Argilés, M., Sunyer-Grau, B., Arteche-Fernandez, S. et al. Functional connectivity of brain networks with three monochromatic wavelengths: a pilot study using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Sci Rep 12, 16197 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20668-9

Silvani MI, Werder R and Perret C., The influence of blue light on sleep, performance and wellbeing in young adults: A systematic review. Front. Physiol. 2022, 13:943108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.943108

Tim Schilling, Ana Amorim‑de‑Sousa, Nikita A Wong, Hamed Bahmani, José Manuel González‑Méijome, Paulo Fernandes, Increase in b‑wave amplitude after light stimulation of the blind spot is positively correlated with the axial length of myopic individuals, Scientific Reports, 2022, 12:4785, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08319-5

Jee-Young Lee, Antonio Martin-Bastida, Ane Murueta-Goyena, Iñigo Gabilondo, Nicolás Cuenca, Paola Piccini, Beomseok Jeon, Multimodal brain and retinal imaging of dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson disease, Nature Reviews – Neurology, 2022, 18(4):203-220, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-022-00618-9

Carlos Carpena-Torres, Tim Schilling, Fernando Huete-Toral, Hamed Bahmani, Gonzalo Carracedo, Increased ocular dopamine levels in rabbits after blue light stimulation of the optic nerve head,Experimental Eye Research, 234 (2023) 109604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2023.109604

Ethan D. Buhr, Tangled up in blue: Contribution of short-wavelength sensitive cones in human circadian photoentrainment, PNAS 2023 Vol. 120 No. 2 e2219617120, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2219617120

C. Martyn Beaven,, Liis Uiga,, Kim H´ebert-Losier, Positive effects of blue light on motor coordination in older adults: A pilot study, Applied Ergonomics 114 (2024) 104156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104156

Green Light Research

Rodrigo Noseda, Carolyn A. Bernstein, Rony-Reuven Nir, Alice J. Lee,4 Anne B. Fulton, Suzanne M. Bertisch, Alexandra Hovaguimian, Dean M. Cestari, Rodrigo Saavedra-Walker, David Borsook, Bruce L. Doran, Catherine Buettner, Rami Burstein, Migraine photophobia originating in cone-driven retinal pathways, BRAIN 2016: 139; 1971–1986, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aww119

Rodrigo Noseda, David Copenhagen, Rami Burstein, Current understanding of photophobia, visual networks and headaches, Cephalalgia. 2019, 39(13): 1623–1634. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102418784750

Xue-Qing Wu, Bei Tan, Yu Du, Lin Yang, Ting-Ting Hu, Yi-La Ding, Xiao-Yun Qiu, Aubin Moutal, Rajesh Khanna, Jie Yu, Zhong Chen, Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the vLGN mediate the nociceptive effects of green and red light on neuropathic pain, Neurobiology of Disease 183 (2023) 106164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106164

Lipton RB, Melo-Carrillo A, Severs M, Reed M, Ashina S, Houle T., Burstein R., Narrow band green light effects on headache, photophobia, sleep, and anxiety among migraine patients: an open-label study conducted online using daily headache diary. Front. Neurol. (2023) 14:1282236. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1282236

Red Light Research

Mariana G. Figueiro and Mark S. Rea, The Effects of Red and Blue Lights on Circadian Variations in Cortisol, Alpha Amylase, and Melatonin, Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Endocrinology, 2010, Article ID 829351, https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/829351

Matt Rutar, Riccardo Natoli, Rizalyn Albarracin, Krisztina Valter, Jan Provis, 670-nm light treatment reduces complement propagation following retinal degeneration, Journal of Neuroinflammation 2012, 9:257, DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-257

Begum R, Powner MB, Hudson N, Hogg C, Jeffery G., Treatment with 670 nm Light Up Regulates Cytochrome C Oxidase Expression and Reduces Inflammation in an Age-Related Macular Degeneration Model. PLoS ONE, 2013, 8(2): e57828. 10.1371/journal.pone.0057828

Salvatore Passarella, Tiina Karu, Absorption of monochromatic and narrow band radiation in the visible and near IR by both mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial photoacceptors results in photobiomodulation, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 140 (2014) 344–358, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.07.021

Jack Ao,, John PM Wood, Glyn Chidlow, Mark C Gillies, FRANZCO, Robert J Casson, FRANZCO, Retinal pigment epithelium in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration and photobiomodulation as a potential therapy?, Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2018; 46: 670–686 https://doi.org/10.1111/ceo.13121

van der Meijden WP, te Lindert BHW, Ramautar JR, Wei Y, Coppens JE, Kamermans M, Cajochen C, Bourgin P, Van Someren EJW. Sustained effects of prior red light on pupil diameter and vigilance during subsequent darkness. Proc. R. Soc. B, 2018, 285: 20180989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0989

SAMUEL N. MARKOWITZ, ROBERT G. DEVENYI, MARION R. MUNK, CINDY L. CROISSANT, STEPHANIE E. TEDFORD, RENE RÜCKERT, MICHAEL G. WALKER, BEATRIZ E. PATINO, LINA CHEN, MONICA NIDO, CLARK E. TEDFORD, A DOUBLE-MASKED, RANDOMIZED, SHAM-CONTROLLED, SINGLE-CENTER STUDY WITH PHOTOBIOMODULATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF DRY AGERELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION, RETINA 40 8(1), 2019. https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000002632

Argilés, M., Sunyer-Grau, B., Arteche-Fernandez, S. et al. Functional connectivity of brain networks with three monochromatic wavelengths: a pilot study using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Sci Rep 12, 16197 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20668-9

Wei Wang, Yu Jiang, Zhuoting Zhu, Shiran Zhang, Meng Xuan, Xingping Tan, Xiangbin Kong, Hui Zhong, Gabriella Bulloch, Ruilin Xiong, Yixiong Yuan, Yanping Chen, Jian Zhang Junwen Zeng, Ian G. Morgan, Mingguang He, Axial Shortening in Myopic Children after Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Trial, Ophthalmol Ther (2023) 12:1223–1237, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-023-00671-7

Federico Fantaguzzi, Beatrice Tombolini, Andrea Servillo, Ilaria Zucchiatti, Riccardo Sacconi, Francesco Bandello, Giuseppe Querques, Shedding Light on Photobiomodulation Therapy for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Narrative Review, Ophthalmol Ther (2023) 12:2903–2915, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-023-00812-y

Jin, M.; Zhang, X.-Y.; Ying, Q.; Hu, H.-J.; Feng, X.-T.; Peng, Z.; Pang, Y.-L.; Yan, F.; Zhang, X. Antioxidative and Mitochondrial Protection in Retinal Pigment Epithelium: New Light Source in Action. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 4794. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054794

Weiming Yang, Feng Lin, Meiyan Li, Ruoyan Wei, Jiaqi Zhou, Xingtao Zhou, Immediate Effect in the Retina and Choroid after 650 nm Low-Level Red Light Therapy in Children, Ophthalmic Res 2023; 66:312–318, https://doi.org/0.1159/000527787

Zhi-Hong Lin, Zheng-Yang Tao, Ze-Feng Kang, Hong-Wei Deng, A Study on the Effectiveness of 650-nm Red-Light Feeding Instruments in the Control of Myopia, Ophthalmic Res 2023; 66:664–671, https://doi.org/10.1159/000529819

Aaron D. Salzano, Safal Khanal, Nathan L. Cheung, Katherine K. Weise, Erin C. Jenewein, Darryl M. Horn, Donald O. Mutti, Timothy J. Gawne, Repeated Low-level Red-light Therapy: The Next Wave in Myopia Management?, Optom Vis Sci 2023; 100:812–822. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000002083

Wnekowicz-Augustyn, E.; Teper, S.;Wylegała, E. Preventing the Progression of Myopia in Children—A Review of the Past Decade. Medicina 2023, 59, 1859. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59101859